shop online at www.missourivalleyshopper.com June 7, 2016 • Page 11 Soybean Protection Practices BROOKINGS, S.D. - Today, soybean producers spend 88 percent more on crop protectant products than they did six years ago. “Aside from seed expense, crop protection products (chemicals) are the most expensive input soybean producers pay for,” said Tong Wang, SDSU Extension Advanced Production Specialist, referencing the 2015 farm enterprise analysis data from FINBIN, the farm financial management database, which showed the average cash-rent soybean production farms in Minnesota, North and South Dakota incurred a crop chemical cost of $39 per acre. To help producers reduce expenses, Wang encourages growers to consider modifying their pest management practices to include nonchemical options. “Growers have other, preventative options,” Wang said. She listed no-till and seed treatments as preventative options to help control weeds and insects. Even though chemicals are expensive, according to the 2015 National Ag Statistics Survey (NASS), Agricultural Chemical Use Program survey results, released May 13, 2016, between 2012 and 2015 there was only a modest increase in adoption of other prevention practices among South Dakota Soybean Producers. “NASS conducts annual surveys to help producers reduce their dependence on agricultural chemicals. As Table 1 indicates, no-till and seed treatments, the two most important prevention categories, have been adopted by a higher percentage of production fields. However, the adoption rate for avoidance practices has declined. For example, the percentage of producers choosing crop variety for pest resistance has dropped by 20 percent,” Wang said. Importance of scouting With the emergence of glyphosate resistant weeds, planting of glyphosate tolerant crops is no longer the most effective way to control weeds. It is likely the reason that the United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service data indicated that the percent of glyphosate tolerant soybean planted in South Dakota dropped slightly from 98 percent in 2012 to 96 percent in 2015. Wang said glyphosate resistance may also be the reason more South Dakota growers are scouting their fields for weed and pest pressure today than in the past. The NASS survey showed monitoring fields increased slightly since 2012. “Weed monitoring was carried out by 99 percent of South Dakota soybean producers in 2015. This shows that most South Dakota soybean producers note the importance of monitoring in making further suppression decisions (Table 1).” Herbicides use on the rise Glyphosate resistant weeds may also be the reason that herbicide usage in soybean fields in on the rise. The NASS survey showed that while soybean acres increased 30 percent from 3.95 million acres in 2006 to 5.15 million acres in 2015, total herbicide use increased 61 percent. “Over the past decade, glyphosate usage has gradually declined, both in terms of percentage of planted acres and total amount applied,” Wang said. She added. “The disproportional increase in nonglyphosate herbicide usage compared to acre planted could partly explain the increase in crop chemical expenditure in soybean production in recent years on a per acre basis,” Wang said. Glyphosate products control weeds by preventing amino acid synthesis. “Extensive reliance on a single herbicide by so many producers has eventually resulted in the emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds on many farms. As a result, herbicides that rely on different modes of action began to be adopted by more and more producers (Table 3),” Wang said. Ground covers and physical barriers According to the NASS survey, 65 percent of South Dakota soybean producers maintained ground covers, mulches or other physical barriers to manage pests. “This rate is much higher when compared to the 2012 SD average of 45 percent, or when compared to the 2015 national average of 44 percent,” Wang said. Cost effective weed-management choices to consider To manage glyphosate resistance more cost effectively, Wang encourages soybean producers to consider the following weed-management choices: 1. Combine glyphosate with herbicides of different modes of action; 2. Do not apply glyphosate during consecutive growing seasons. 3. Because weed seeds can be easily carried between fields by wind, water, animals and movement of farm equipment, the most cost effective weed management is achieved when neighboring farms take collaborative actions. To view the NASS survey in its complete form, visit the USDA NASS website. Table 1. Top two practices in each pest management category, measured in % of soybean planted acres, South Dakota, 2012 and 2015. Category Top-2 practices 2012 2015 % Change Prevention No-till or minimum till used. 70 77 10% Seed treated for insect or disease control after purchase. 53 62 17% Avoidance Rotated crops during the past 3 years. 96 92 -4% Crop or plant variety chosen for specific pest resistance. 65 52 -20% Monitoring Scouted for weeds. 96 99 3% Scouted for insects & mites. 94 96 2% Suppression Ground covers, mulches, or other physical barriers maintained. 45 65 44% % of planted acres average application (lbs/ac/yr) total applied (Million lbs) 2006 Glyphosate isopropylamine salt. 97 1.31 5.05 Flumioxazin. 6 0.07 0.02 Trifluralin. 5 1.15 0.22 2012 Glyphosate potassium salt. 60 1.54 4.40 Glyphosate isopropylamine salt. 39 1.39 2.56 Clethodim. 16 0.07 0.06 2015 Glyphosate potassium salt. 65 1.59 5.33 Sulfentrazone. 30 0.18 0.28 Glyphosate isopropylamine salt. 27 1.29 1.78 Data Source: USDA NASS - See more at: http://igrow.org/news/ soybean-protectionpractices/#sthash.6cZki4iz. dpuf niGrow Scouting data compared to published information to assist decisions. 27 35 30% Data Source: USDA NASS Table 2. Pesticide applied to soybean planted areas in South Dakota, 2012 and 2015. 2006 2012 2015 % of planted acres total applied (mil lbs) % of planted acres total applied (mil lbs) % of planted acres total applied (mil lbs) Herbicides 99 5.62 97 7.77 93 9.03 Insecticides 21 0.11 17 0.36 29 0.29 Fungicides 21 NA 5 0.08 5 0.03 Data Source: USDA NASS Table 3. Top three herbicides applied to soybean planted acres: 2006, 2012 and 2015. Active ingredient Looking for the best deal in town? Check the Soil Stewardship for Healthy Landscapes BROOKINGS, S.D. - While land-use throughout South Dakota continues to change, SDSU Extension and South Dakota NRCS are hosting Soil Stewardship for Healthy Landscapes workshops throughout the state to discuss the future of one of our most precious resources - our soil. “We will discuss questions like, ‘what sorts of risks will be faced in terms of soil loss?’ ‘What can be done to turn the tide?’ and more during these workshops,” explains Roger Gates, Professor & SDSU Extension Rangeland Management Specialist. Three workshops will be held in Watertown, Pierre and Sioux Falls. Workshops will begin at 9 a.m. (CST) and conclude by mid-afternoon. A noon lunch will be served. There is no cost to attend the workshops, which are funded in part by the South Dakota Discovery Center. Registration will assist organizers in planning for the events. To register visit the Soil Stewardship workshop event. Workshop details Watertown, June 14, 2016, at the SDSU Extension Watertown Regional Center (1910 W. Kemp Ave., Watertown); Pierre, June 15, 2016 at the Capital University Center in Pierre (925 E Sioux Ave., Pierre, SD 57501); Sioux Falls, June 16, 2016 at the SDSU Extension Sioux Falls Regional Center (2001 E. Eighth St., Sioux Falls). The workshop’s featured speaker is Jay Fuhrer, Soil Health Specialist for North Dakota USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service. Fuhrer has spent a career developing and implementing sound management principles that sustain and enhance soil productivity. He will lead a morning presentation and facilitate afternoon discussions during a tour of leading farm operations. The day’s concluding session will share information from both public and private conservation organizations that provide technical and financial support for land stewardship, practices that promote soil health and habitat maintenance and improvement. More about the importance of soil stewardship During the middle of the 20th Century, Gates shares a story where a European visitor asked an Iowa farmer, “how deep does your black soil go?” to which the farmer is reported to have answered “All the way, I guess.” “This rich, black topsoil, that has supported agriculture and indeed, national prosperity since the time of settlement in the nineteenth century, resulted from longterm development beneath the extensive Great Plains prairies,” Gates explains. “The farmer’s answer portrays a long held attitude that this extraordinary resource was inexhaustible.” Prairie-Derived Soils at Risk Research focused on both agricultural production and natural resource conservation has revealed that mollisols, the prairie derived soils that support U.S. grain production which exceeds levels anywhere else on the globe, are at ever greater risk from degradation and erosion. Decisions to cultivate previously undisturbed grasslands contribute to the growing risk. Several recent studies have evaluated changes in land cover in an effort to document how changes may influence sustainability of desirable landscapes. One study, Estimated South Dakota Land Use Change from 2006 to 2012, documented recent land use changes in South Dakota from spatial images and land cover classifications. An economic study, New SDSU Survey on Land Use Decisions Highlights Role of Grasslands, described 31 H.P. 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Sudoku #6 Sudoku #5 M I S S O U I VA L L E Y Book 61: Answers Intermediate Sudoku Puzzles by KrazyDad Nice Selection, Great Savings, Flat Screens & Electronics June Special 2016 Toro TimeCutter SWX3200 how financial conditions contributed to the decision to maintain or convert land use. Another study entitled Forecasting Unintended Consequences of Grassland Conversion modeled a range of complex, interacting factors to understand and predict how conditions modify land use decisions using a Systems Dynamics approach. This study also forecasted future land use change under various economic and social scenarios. iGrow Ph. 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