shop online at www.missourivalleyshopper.com April 7, 2015 • Page 3 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in SD BROOKINGS, S.D. - This week, the South Dakota State University Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory detected highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in samples submitted from a turkey farm in Beadle County. Higher than normal death loss in one of four barns on the premises prompted the caretakers to seek diagnostic assistance, explained Dr. Russ Daly, SDSU Extension Veterinarian, State Public Health Veterinarian & SDSU Associate Professor. “Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks have occurred throughout the U.S. this spring, affecting small backyard poultry flocks, as well as large commercial barns,” Daly said. He explained that these outbreaks occurred along three different migratory bird flyways (Pacific, Central, and Mississippi). The South Dakota occurrence is the second to be identified in the Central flyway. “Influenza viruses are encountered every year by people and a variety of animals,” Daly said. “For the most part, these “flu” viruses stick to one species: human influenza viruses spread among people, avian influenza viruses (such as these particular HPAI viruses) spread among birds, and so on. Occasionally, influenza viruses normally found in one species will infect other species. For example, certain swine influenza viruses have occasionally infected people, and certain avian influenza viruses, notably the H5N1 virus in Asia, occasionally infect people as well.” Below, Daly responds to frequently asked questions in regards to the Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. building and grounds are thoroughly cleaned and disinfected and sit idle for a period of time. Q: How will this outbreak affect neighboring farms? A: State and federal response plans establish a 10 kilometer (approximately 6 miles) “control” zone, as well as a 20 kilometer “surveillance” zone around the infected farm. All poultry flocks in the control zone will be sampled by animal health officials and tested for avian influenza. All poultry flocks in the surveillance zone will be contacted by animal health officials to determine if any signs of illness or unexpected death losses have been noticed. Q: What does this avian influenza virus do to these birds? A: That this virus is termed “highly pathogenic” is no mistake. These strains affect birds so quickly that clinical signs are usually not noticed. The first signs noticed by flock owners are an unexpected number of dead birds. Weakness, difficulty breathing, and purple swelling of the comb and wattles are signs that may be observed prior to death. Q: How do these domestic birds get infected by HPAI? CABIN FEVER GETAWAY Mowing / Aeration Landscaping Grass Seeding Fertilizer / Weed Control Spring & Fall Cleanup Hedge Trimming / Irrigation 605.202.0555 FREE ESTIMATES trucktrailerinc.com TRUCK influenza discharge the virus through their droppings or nasal/ respiratory fluids. Susceptible birds ingest or inhale the virus when they encounter those fluids. Most experts assume that the source of these HPAI viruses is migratory waterfowl traveling through the areas. “The early spring and warm temperatures helped the greening of winter wheat fields all over South Dakota also favoring the insect’s development,” said,Anitha Chirumamilla, SDSU Extension Entomology Field Specialist. Chirumamilla explained that fields planted early last fall could have higher chances of army cutworm infestation as lots of growth before dormancy attracts adult moths that lay their eggs in the soil. “Army cutworm, Euxoa auxiliaris is a very common species of cutworms attacking It’s relatively easy to picture how a free-roaming wheat in South Dakota,” she said. The larvae are greyish in color with pale backyard poultry flock could come in contact with markings and a light stripe on their backs. migratory geese and ducks. Adult moths lay eggs in the soil during fall season and overwinter as larvae. However, modern poultry With the onset of spring, the larvae production features tight, environmentally controlled resume their development by feeding on the seedlings. Full grown larvae can be 2-inches barns that typically exclude outside birds and long. “Damage is caused by larvae feeding on limit human traffic as well. the leaves. Most of the damage occurs during evening hours as the larvae are sensitive to Wild birds congregating light and hide in the soil near the plants duraround air inlets, or people ing the day,” Chirumamilla said. walking through areas that Larvae can be seen during daytime on wild birds have frequented cloudy days. and then entering poultry barns are potential routes Scout wheat  alfalfa fields for army of transmission. Sampling cutworm of wild birds in the vicinity of outbreaks has not Larvae can move in masses resembling an demonstrated a clear army to nearby vegetation in search of food. source or transmission “First-year alfalfa is also highly vulnerable to route for these infections. damage by army cutworms,” she said. Chirumamilla encouraged growers to scout their fields for army cutworm larvae by digging the soil around the plants. In healthy plant stands, an insecticide ? 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